Handbook ec project management

Literature and documents—publications and project-related documents that describe project management and how it was used. Examples include books, articles, and edito- rials that describe projects and the use of project management. From the period circa to the present time, there is a growing abundance of arti- cles, books, papers, and miscellaneous documentation that can be used to build a contemporary model of project management.

For the period prior to back through antiquity, there is very limited documentation and literature. To understand how project management emerged requires examination of the artifacts and the social, military, tech- nological, political, industrial, and governmental strategies that existed.

From study of these areas, we may reach a judgment concerning the role of supporting projects. It typically grants the project manager or project leader the authority to conduct selected actions while planning, implementing, and completing the project.

It may contain details on what is to be done and what may not be done. Statements of mission, objectives, or policies also may be included and accompanied by a budget. An examination of historical documents that recognized the need for new artifacts or strategies can provide initial insight into how and why the artifacts or strategies evolved.

This document sets forth the compensation promised to Columbus by Queen Isabel and King Fernando, if Columbus discovered land on his first voyage to the New World.

It also defined the compensation that Raleigh would receive. This act authorized exploration of the Northwest Territory of the United States to find a land passage to the Pacific Ocean. This document granted an individual, free of charge, acres of public land if within five years a house was built on the land, a well was dug, 10 acres were plowed, a specific amount of land was fenced, and the individual actually lived there.

An individual could claim an additional acres of land if 10 acres were planted and cultivated successfully with trees.

This law established the Tennessee Valley Authority for the purpose of reforestation, marginal land improve- ment, flood control, and agricultural and industrial development of an area covering seven states.

Captain Cook was chartered by the United Kingdom Royal Society to conduct three voyages in search of scientific information and various lands; each voyage was about three years in duration. In these cases, descriptions provided in the anthropologic, archeologic, and other historical literature can supply some insight into how and why these projects were accomplished.

Defoe identifies in the dilemma still facing contemporary managers: how to design and implement project management concepts and philosophies. Mary Parker Follett, writing in , extolled the benefits of teams and participa- tive management and said that leadership comes from ability rather than hierarchy. She advocated empowerment, drawing on the knowledge of workers, and supported the notion of the formation of teams through cross-functions in which a horizontal rather than a vertical authority would foster a freer exchange of knowledge within organizations.

It described the role of an individual in an advanced- technology industry who functioned as a focal point for the management of resources being applied to manage ad hoc activities across organizational boundaries. He described the growing trend in contemporary organiza- tions toward functional-teamwork approaches in organizational design. Professor John F. Cleland and William R. Since these landmark documents were published, a host of publications has appeared each year.

This number does not include books on aspects of project management that have other terms in their titles, such as project manager and risk management. Air Force announced publication of a series of manuals and policies to force consistent management processes over the design and acquisition of major weapons systems. The series changed the relationship between the government and private industry, whereby private industry had to adopt and use the defined practices.

The manuals and policies selected to effect management change were part of a series of Air Force Systems Command Manuals referred to as the Series. The impact of the Series of guidelines was to introduce changes in the government—defense industry relationship. The impact that these guidelines had on the evolving project management literature was significant in terms of shaping project man- agement in the United States and in countries influenced by the manner in which U.

Much of the early literature of the s and s drew on and reflected the philosophies, concepts, processes, and techniques put forth in the Series. Today, as the project management literature continues to emerge, one can see some of the early seeds of the Series and how these seeds matured. Examples of some of the leading people and projects of antiquity that have created change include the following: Prince Henry of Portugal — In the early years of the fifteenth century, Prince Henry the Navigator developed and operated what could be called today a research and development laboratory located in Sagres, Portugal.

Experiments in shipbuilding produced a new type of ship—the caravel, which made future exploration projects possible. Cleland Ch It was faster and could sail well into the wind with both square sails and a triangular one.

At about 65 feet long with a capacity of roughly tons of cargo or supplies, the caravel was more perfectly sized for the type of explo- ration conducted by Prince Henry. Each voyage documented discoveries, and each following voyage built on prior work. Ship captains were sent on voyages with questions to be answered, which gave them a specific set of objectives—as with all good projects. The Great Pyramids of Egypt circa to B. Each group of workers was responsible for one part of the pyramid complex.

The workforce had all the evidence of a highly organized team of motivated individuals—not the typical depiction of slaves being whipped to work. There is little doubt that the project team for each pyramid had a mixture of technical skills and knowledge that represented a sophisticated approach to building the structure.

The Great Cathedrals of Europe Between and in France alone, more than large churches were built, as well as parish churches, so that there was a church or chapel for every people. In Germany, the Cologne Cathedral, considered by some to be the most perfect specimen of Gothic architecture in the world, undoubtedly took the longest to build.

The foundation alone was laid in By , one of the towers was finished to one-third its present height, but at the time of the Reformation, its roof was still covered with boards. Finally, the cathedral was completed in , more than years after construction first began. Each church and chapel was a project that relied on the technology of the day. These artifacts of projects suggest that an early form of project management had to be used to organize the workforce and construct these houses of worship.

The positive impact on society because of the churches cannot be estimated in any comparative analysis. The Grand Canal of China B. The building of the canal began in B. The canal is miles long with 24 locks and some 60 bridges. A project is currently underway to extend the Grand Canal to Ningbo—or more than twice it present length to miles. This canal has served China for nearly years and continues to be used as a means of commerce through waterborne transport of goods. The project to construct the canal and its supporting bridges and locks could have been accomplished only through dedicated planning and work effort to achieve its objectives.

The shape of the ark was that of a rectangular barge with a low draft. Historians have speculated that it took years to build the Ark. The city was built on a myriad of islands, canals, and swamps. Construction conditions were brutal. Nearly , workers perished in the first year. Within 10 years, St. Petersburg was a city of 35, buildings of granite and stone and the capital of the Russian Empire.

Today, the city is valued for its historic buildings and contribution to Russian history. Although no longer capital of Russia, it plays an important role in industrial and cultural activities of the people. Tower of Babel According to Genesis , a structure was erected in the plain or valley of Shinar.

The builders presumed to build an edifice that reached the heavens—symbolizing human self- sufficiency and pride. One might ask if there have been any modern construction projects where a lack of communication among the project stakeholders was a cause for delay or cancellation of the project. Signing of the Magna Carta The Magna Carta is a document that states the basic liberties guaranteed to the English people. While he was waging a disastrous war in France, the leading nobles met secretly and swore to compel him to respect the rights of his subjects.

When King John returned from the war, they presented him with a series of demands. King John tried to gather support, but almost all his followers deserted him. At last he met with the nobles and bishops along the south bank of the Thames in a meadow called Runnymede and affixed his seal to the Magna Carta. She was the first to move into the newly built Winter Palace. Catherine started a royal art collection, which later was housed in the world-famous Hermitage. Several additional buildings the Small Hermitage and the Old Hermitage were commissioned for the growing royal collection of art.

The Hermitage Theater was built, and the area around the palace was put in order and built up with the finest houses and palaces. Military battles and campaigns have objectives and consume resources through planned activities in most cases.

The introduction of new weapons that have been developed in a structured form typically gives military leaders some advantage over their adversaries by exploiting a weakness.

The opposition countered with weapons that exploited the openings in the armor, such as under the armpits when a knight would raise a sword to strike. One response was to provide armor under the armpits. Armor was discarded as an advantage when weapons such as guns were able to penetrate the material. Interestingly enough, the modern-day helmet and bulletproof vest have been adopted as a means to stop opposing gunfire.

The Battle of Grecy August 26, Fought on Saturday, August 26, , the Battle of Grecy, France, was the first of sev- eral significant battles during which the longbow triumphed over crossbows and armored knights. The French forces in the battle numbered approximately 30,; English forces numbered 12,, of which were archers. The battle line was about yards wide. The English army occupied the top of a gentle ridge near the town. Each English archer carried two sheaves of arrows into battle.

The French made 14 to 16 charges against the English lines from the start of the battle at P. Casualties were estimated to be for the French knights and Genoese crossbowmen and about for the English.

The Battle of Grecy had political consequences in Europe. From a military hardware perspective, the use of the longbow by the English forces proved superior to the traditional crossbow and mounted-knight strategy of the French. Tactically, the Battle of Grecy established the supremacy of the longbow on the battlefield and gave England standing as a great military power.

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