Cambridge ielts 4 answer key pdf

A short summary of this paper. Of the top three cities, two were in Europe and one was in Australia. Table completion In third place was London, scoring highly mainly because 1 You are going to read a passage about some of the it was the most famous city on the list of 50 surveyed. It cities above. Read the passage quickly and answer was also seen as a very good place to do business, and these questions.

However, it lost points 1 Which of the cities above are mentioned? It failed to make the top a similar meaning to the underlined words and spot, however, because people thought there were very phrases in the table below. Despite problems such excellent: most pleasant: as the large amount of traffic, it beat other cities to very: not many: first place because people considered it to be the most residents: a lot: interesting city, with more museums, art galleries and places of interest than anywhere else.

People also thought 3 Now complete the table. Choose ONE word from it was the best city to take a holiday in. Is very 3. Not many things to see. Has a lot of 8. Read the passage quickly and answer these questions. However, unlike other surveys, it is based on the Surveys take place every 2.

It asks ordinary people in other countries to grade cities in the same way that A maximum of 3 cities are included in the they would grade a product, like a soft drink or a car.

What is survey. Instead, the survey. Each year, about 10, people in 20 countries take part in the CBI survey, and they grade a total of 50 cities. There are several destination. The CBI list is useful because it helps people choose a good place to live, find work or take a holiday.

The excavated soil was taken up to the surface using the shafts, which also provided ventilation during the work. Once the tunnel was completed, it allowed water to flow from the top of a hillside down towards a canal, which supplied water for human use. Remarkably, some qanats built by the Persians 2, years ago are still in use today.

They later passed on their knowledge to the Romans, who also used the qanat method to construct water-supply tunnels for agriculture. Roma qanat tunnels were constructed with vertical shafts dug at intervals of between 30 and 60 meters. The shafts were equipped with handholds and footholds to help those climbing in and out of them and were covered with a wooden or stone lid. To ensure that the shafts were vertical, Romans hung a plumb line from a rod placed across the top of each shaft and made sure that the weight at the end of it hung in the center of the shaft.

Plumb lines were also used to measure the depth of the shaft and to determine the slope of the tunnel. The 5. By the 6th century BCE, a second method of tunnel construction appeared called the counter-excavation method, in which the tunnel was constructed from both ends.

It was used to cut through high mountains when the qanat method was not a practical alternative. This method required greater planning and advanced knowledge of surveying, mathematics and geometry as both ends of a tunnel had to meet correctly at the center of the mountain.

Adjustments to the direction of the tunnel also had to be made whenever builders encountered geological problems or when it deviated from its set path. Large deviations could happen, and they could result in one end of the tunnel not being usable. An inscription written on the side of a meter tunnel, built by the Romans as part of the Saldae aqueduct system in modern-day Algeria, describes how the two teams of builders missed each other in the mountain and how the later construction of a lateral link between both corridors corrected the initial error.

The Romans dug tunnels for their roads using the counter-excavation method, whenever they encountered obstacles such as hills or mountains that were too high for roads to pass over. Remarkably, a modern road still uses this tunnel today. Tunnels were also built for mineral extraction. Miners would locate a mineral vein and then pursue it with shafts and tunnels underground. Traces of such tunnels used to mine gold can still be found at the Dolaucothi mines in Wales.

When the sole purpose of a tunnel was mineral extraction, construction required less planning, as the tunnel route was determined by the mineral vein. Roman tunnel projects were carefully planned and carried out.

The length of time it took to construct a tunnel depended on the method being used and the type of rock being excavated. The qanat construction method was usually faster than the counter-excavation method as it was more straightforward. This was because the mountain could be excavated not only from the tunnel mouths but also from shafts. The type of rock could also influence construction times. When the rock was hard, the Romans employed a technique called fire quenching which consisted of heating the rock with fire, and then suddenly cooling it with cold water so that it would crack.

Progress through hard rock could be very slow, and it was not uncommon for tunnels to take years, if not decades, to be built. Construction marks left on a Roman tunnel in Bologna show that the rate of advance through solid rock was 30 centimeters per day. In contrast, the rate of advance of the Claudius tunnel can be calculated at 1. Most tunnels had inscriptions showing the names of patrons who ordered construction and sometimes the name of the architect.

For example, the 1. Write your answers in boxes on your answer sheet. Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1? In boxes on your answer sheet, write. TRUE if the statement agrees with the information. FALSE if the statement contradicts the information. You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions which are based on Reading Passage 2 below.

What are the implications of the way we read today? Look around on your next plane trip. The iPad is the new pacifier for babies and toddlers. Parents and other passengers read on tablets or skim a flotilla of email and news feeds.

My research depicts how the present reading brain enables the development of some of our most important intellectual and affective processes: internalized knowledge, analogical reasoning, and inference; perspective-taking and empathy; critical analysis and the generation of insight. This is not a simple, binary issue of print versus digital reading and technological innovations.

As MIT scholar Sherry Turkle has written, we do not err as a society when we innovate but when we ignore what we disrupt or diminish while innovating. In this hinge moment between print and digital cultures, society needs to confront what is diminishing in the expert reading circuit, what our children and older students are not developing, and what we can do about it.

We know from research that the reading circuit is not given to human beings through a genetic blueprint like vision or language; it needs an environment to develop. If the dominant medium advantages processes that are fast, multi-task oriented and well-suited for large volumes of information, like the current digital medium, so will the reading circuit. As UCLA psychologist Patricia Greenfield writes, the result is that less attention and time will be allocated to slower, time-demanding deep reading processes.

Increasing reports from educators and from researchers in psychology and the humanities bear this out. English literature scholar and teacher Mark Edmundson describes how many college students actively avoid the classic literature of the 19th and 20th centuries in favour of something simpler as they no longer have the patience to read longer, denser, more difficult texts.

Multiple studies show that digital screen use may be causing a variety of troubling downstream effects on reading comprehension in older high school and college students. In Stavanger, Norway, psychologist Anne Mangen and colleagues studied how high school students comprehend the same material in different mediums.

Results indicated that students who read on print were superior in their comprehension to screen-reading peers, particularly in their ability to sequence detail and reconstruct the plot in chronological order.

Many readers now use a pattern when reading in which they sample the first line and then word-spot through the rest of the text. When the reading brain skims like this, it reduces time allocated to deep reading processes. Glass manufacturing techniques also improved with the advancement of science and the development of better technology.

From onwards, glass making developed from traditional mouth-blowing to a semi-automatic process, after factory-owner HM Ashley introduced a machine capable of producing bottles per hour in Castleford, Yorkshire, England — more than three times quicker than any previous production method. Then in , the first fully automated machine was developed in the USA by Michael Owens — founder of the Owens Bottle Machine Company later the major manufacturers Owens-Illinois — and installed in its factory.

Other developments followed rapidly, but it was not until the First World War, when Britain became out off from essential glass suppliers, that glass became part of the scientific sector. Previous to this, glass had been as a craft rather than a precise science.

Today, glass making is big business. It has become a modern, hi-tech industry operating in a fiercely competitive global market where quality, design and service levels are critical to maintaining market share. Modern glass plants are capable of making millions of glass containers a day in many different colours, with green, brown and clear remaining the most popular.

Few of us can imagine modern life without glass. It features in almost every aspect of our lives — in our homes, our cars and whenever we sit down to eat or drink. Glass packaging is used for many products, many beverages are sold in glass, as are numerous foodstuffs, as well as medicines and cosmetics.

Glass is an ideal material for recycling, and with growing consumer concern for green issues, glass bottles and jars are becoming ever more popular. Glass recycling is good news for the environment. It saves used glass containers being sent to landfill. As less energy is needed to melt recycled glass than to melt down raw materials, this also saves fuel and production costs.

Recycling also reduces the need for raw materials to be quarried, thus saving precious resources. Complete the notes below. You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions which are based on Reading Passage 2 below. There is a poem, written around AD, which describes hunting a mystery animal called a llewyn.

But what was it? Nothing seemed to fit, until , when an animal bone, dating from around the same period, was found in the Kinsey Cave in northern England. Until this discovery, the lynx — a large spotted cat with tasselled ears — was presumed to have died out in Britain at least 6, years ago, before the inhabitants of these islands took up farming.

But the find, together with three others in Yorkshire and Scotland, is compelling evidence that the lynx and the mysterious llewyn were in fact one and the same animal. However, this is not quite the last glimpse of the animal in British culture.

A 9th-century stone cross from the Isle of Eigg shows, alongside the deer, boar and aurochs pursued by a mounted hunter, a speckled cat with tasselled ears. The lynx is now becoming the totemic animal of a movement that is transforming British environmentalism: rewilding. Rewilding means the mass restoration of damaged ecosystems. It involves letting trees return to places that have been denuded, allowing parts of the seabed to recover from trawling and dredging, permitting rivers to flow freely again.

Above all, it means bringing back missing species. One of the most striking findings of modern ecology is that ecosystems without large predators behave in completely different ways from those that retain them.

Some of them drive dynamic processes that resonate through the whole food chain, creating niches for hundreds of species that might otherwise struggle to survive. The killers turn out to be bringers of life.

Such findings present a big challenge to British conservation, which has often selected arbitrary assemblages of plants and animals and sought, at great effort and expense, to prevent them from changing.

It has tried to preserve the living world as if it were a jar of pickles, letting nothing in and nothing out, keeping nature in a state of arrested development.

But ecosystems are not merely collections of species; they are also the dynamic and ever-shifting relationships between them. And this dynamism often depends on large predators. At sea the potential is even greater: by protecting large areas from commercial fishing, we could once more see what 18th-century literature describes: vast shoals of fish being chased by fin and sperm whales, within sight of the English shore.

Rewilding is a rare example of an environmental movement in which campaigners articulate what they are for rather than only what they are against. The lynx presents no threat to human beings: there is no known instance of one preying on people. It is a specialist predator of roe deer, a species that has exploded in Britain in recent decades, holding back, by intensive browsing, attempts to re-establish forests.

It will also winkle out sika deer: an exotic species that is almost impossible for human beings to control, as it hides in impenetrable plantations of young trees. The attempt to reintroduce this predator marries well with the aim of bringing forests back to parts of our bare and barren uplands.

The lynx requires deep cover, and as such presents little risk to sheep and other livestock, which are supposed, as a condition of farm subsidies, to be kept out of the woods. On a recent trip to the Cairngorm Mountains, I heard several conservationists suggest that the lynx could be reintroduced there within 20 years. If trees return to the bare hills elsewhere in Britain, the big cats could soon follow. There is nothing extraordinary about these proposals, seen from the perspective of anywhere else in Europe.

The lynx has now been reintroduced to the Jura Mountains, the Alps, the Vosges in eastern France and the Harz mountains in Germany, and has re-established itself in many more places.